![]() The Amundsen Sea Embayment is underlain by the eastern branches of the West Antarctic Rift System, which extends from the Ross Sea to the Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea sectors of West Antarctica 9, 10, 11. Indirect determination of heat flow from other geophysical parameters such as magnetic anomalies 2, 3, seismological models 4, 5, 6, and interpretation of ice-penetrating radar images 7 as well as the estimation of crustal heat production from exposed geological provinces 8 have improved with greater coverage of data and accuracy of the models, and increasingly help relate tectonic and magmatic features to ice sheet dynamics. Apart from a few locations 1, thick ice cover and logistical challenges have largely prevented the installation of a dense network of direct temperature gradient measurement sites in drill holes, and will likely do so in the future. Geothermal heat flow of the Antarctic continent is one of the essential geophysical parameters for both delineating and identifying tectonic and geodynamic features and processes, and improving the parameterization of basal conditions in ice-flow dynamic models.
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